You listed python.
If you are open to Python, I would recommend: https://textual.textualize.io/
Edit: for clarity, the above is if you want nice TUIs (text gui in terminal). If you want actual windowed applications not in terminal, in regards to Python, I would just say use tkinter.
Here’s a list of projects known to use Textual: https://github.com/Textualize/transcendent-textual
There are a lot of cool projects I would suggest browsing to see what it can do, but the following pages have screenshots that do a good job of showing what it’s capable of:
https://github.com/ChrisBuilds/moneyterm
https://github.com/bluematt/textual-musicplayer
https://github.com/eliasdorneles/usolitaire (I’d love to see someone do minesweeper for terminal)
Extra: while meant for terminal usage, you can use the mouse to interact, can run programs from ssh sessions, and I believe they’ve added the ability to take your TUI into web browsers.
…. Oh, also not restricted to Linux. It does generally work with Mac and windows (would recommend using windows terminal from windows store, it makes things look right, whereas command prompt does not display correctly.
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